Ja’naya Williams Blog

Hey Hey! My name is Ja’naya & I’ll be summarizing & going over what I learned from the chapters of me and my classmates :) .

Chapter 1 - In chapter 1 I learned that most college graduates say public speaking was one of the most beneficial classes they took. The goal of public speaking is to become an excellent speakers. Public speaking is an audience centered type of speaking you’ll have to understand your audience’s expectations and situations before speaking in order to connect with them during and after the presentation. Public speaking begun in the Western tradition with the Sophists teachers in ancient Greece. Roman philosophers and scholars categorized the elements of public communication into five “arts of public speaking” that still apply today. 

Chapter 2- In chapter 2 I learned many uncertainties associated with public speaking serve as sources of anxiety for speakers. For some speaking in public isn’t an ordinary activity. Another second uncertainty associated with public speaking is the concerns of speaking abilities. A fear of negative evaluation or punishment for a poor performance plays a major role in speech anxiety and contributes to physical symptoms such as elevated heart rate and queasiness. Although nothing takes the place preparing and planning for your speech in building confidence there are ways to manage anxiety that will help you be calmed and focused. 

Chapter 3 - In chapter 3 I learned when public speaking is talked about you probably focus on the speaking part but it’s also as much about listening because speeches are incomplete without listeners. The HURIER model identifies six components that combine to form the listening process in any context : hearing , understanding , remembering , interpreting , evaluating , and responding. There are many different reasons or goals for listening such as empathy , appreciation , context , evaluation & , critical listening. When you view something as unimportant , trivial , routine , or habitual you experience mindlessness. A dialogue could be created between speakers and listeners that promotes the free and open exchange of ideas. 

Chapter 4 - In chapter 4 I learned the general purpose of your speech refers to your overall goal and it answers the question. When an inform speech is given your goal is to describe, explain, or demonstrate something. When speaking to persuade you attempt to reinforce, modify, or change audience members beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values and behaviors. In speeches for special occasions, the speaker seeks to connect with the audience in ways that appropriately enhance the occasion. As your speech develop always keep your general purpose in mind.

Chapter 5 - In chapter 5 I learned that the term audience originally referred to a group of people who share a common interest and physically gather together usually in a public setting. A speaker-audience connection should be formed to know important things about the people you’ll be addressing such as their needs , interests , views , and familiarity with your topic. A way to win the confidence of your audience is by demonstrating your speaker credibility. Listeners view speakers as more credible when they appear well informed about their topic. Another dimension of speaker credibility is trustworthlessness. 

Chapter 6 - In chapter 6 I learned to examine your own experience such as creating a list of words associated with your topic , identifying how you learned about your topic it serves as a starting point in your speech. As you conduct your research seek multiple perspectives, regardless of your topic. Trying to find the research materials you need to develop your speech topic can be challenging a good starting point is developing your digital literacy. Examine the source to determine how closely it matches with the topic your are researching. Determining a source’s purpose also involves identifying its scope and depth. 

Chapter 7 - In chapter 7 I learned relating your own narrative personalizes the topic and helps listeners understand why you chose it. Examples make ideas more concrete and personalize the topic , appealing the audience emotions. General examples provide little details while specific examples give listeners much detail than general examples. Hypothetical examples stem from conjecture or supposition. Facts provide support for speaker’s logical appeals. 

Chapter 8 - In chapter 8 I learned there are 4 parts of a speech introduction , body , transition & conclusion. The body is the middle part of the speech and includes all the speech’s main and subordinate points. Patterns are used when preparing your speech chronological , topical , narrative , cause and effect , problem-solution & etc. When discussing your speech connect with transitions to move smoothly along your speech. A speech outline helps you organize your ideas and create a cohesive framework that shows how they relate to one another. The purpose and format of the speaking outline reduces the lengthy sentence plan to essential words and phrases that convey the main idea of your speech. 

Chapter 9 - In chapter 9 I learned that researchers have identified the primacy effect in which you’re most likely to remember the beginning of something. The introduction of your speech is where you gain the audiences attention it gives you the opportunity to explain what you want to accomplish in your speech and establish yourself as an expert of the topic. Once you grab the audience’s attention you want to provide a clear indication of your speech’s purpose and thesis. A preview of main points tells the audience what the main points of the speech will be and what expectations the speech will address. The conclusion should tie the speech together allowing you to review main points , reinforce the speech generals and specific purposes and provide closure so your audience knows your speech is coming to an end. 

Chapter 10 - In chapter 10 I learned language refers to the system of words people use when communicating with others. Researches have identified over 7,100 languages spoken by people around the world today. Speakers usually assume that if they say X others will think X as well but that’s not always the case. Slag is a common tactic used in today’s world. Speakers use euphemisms in place of words that are viewed as more disagreeable or offensive.

Chapter 11 - In chapter 11 I learned presentation media range from software programs such as powerpoint to flip charts , music , handouts that speakers use to highlight , clarify and complement the information they present. Speakers often choose to enhance their presentation with some form of visual media. Presentation software like powerpoint allows you to display information such as slides , videos and audio for a more visual experience. Presentations clear and simple statistical data to support your argument can be a very effective use of digital slides. 

Chapter 12 - In chapter 12 I learned delivery refers to presenting a speech in public. In public speaking delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking. For an extemporaneous speaking you carefully research , organize , and rehearse your speech before delivering it. 

Chapter 13 - In chapter 13 I learned an informative speaking the speaker seeks to raise awareness, increase knowledge, or deepen understanding about a topic. By effectively relating the topic to the audience speakers can make their presentations come alive and he personally meaningful. Your audience should not have to work hard to figure out what you’re trying to say. 

Chapter 14 - In chapter 14 I learned persuasion relies on the power of language ; images , and other means of communication to influence people’s beliefs , attitudes , values , opinions , or action. Persuasion implies choice. 

Chapter 15 - In chapter 15 I learned the term argument refers to a disagreement or conflict but in public speaking argument doesn’t have a negative connotation. Claims go beyond facts and other supporting materials to propose conclusions based on evidence presented. 

Chapter 16 - In chapter 16 I learned distance spending refers to the planned and structured presentation of ideas. A videoconference allows people at two or more locations to interact online by means of simultaneous video and audio transmission. 

Chapter 17 - In chapter 17 I learned special occasions speech is also called ceremonial speeches are speech given in specific contexts to make an event , person , object or place. A speech of introduction introduces a speaker to an audience.